As far as bond buyers go, the Federal Reserve is pretty laid-back.
Even as the central bank amassed trillions of dollars of debt to prop up the economy following the financial crisis, it didn’t hedge its holdings or worry about gains and losses that might keep ordinary investors up at night. This extreme buy-and-hold stance has had an incredible calming effect on the bond market. Volatility has plummeted to lows rarely seen in recent memory.
But all that is now poised to change. With interest rates on the rise, analysts say the Fed could start shrinking its unprecedented $1.75 trillion position in mortgage-backed securities by year-end. That’s likely to leave more in the hands in private investors and result in increased hedging activity, a practice that has historically exacerbated swings in the Treasury market.
"You'll inevitably see more volatility," said David Ader, the chief macro strategist at Informa Financial Intelligence.
In 2003, a surge in "convexity hedging" triggered widespread losses in Treasuries as benchmark yields soared 1.45 percentage points in two months. Nobody is predicting anything close to a repeat. After all, the biggest hedgers back then were government-sponsored entities like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which now own just a fraction of what they did and aren’t coming back.
But at a time when beleaguered bond investors are grappling with higher rates and the potential consequences of the Trump administration's spending plans, the prospect of more volatility adds yet another thing to their list of worries.
Negative Convexity
What exactly is convexity? At its most basic, it's a measure of a bond's relative sensitivity to changes in interest rates. When a bond has positive convexity, that means its price rises more than it falls when yields move. When it's negative, like mortgage debt, its price falls more. When rates rise, hedging against convexity grows as the expected life of mortgage debt increases. That happens when refinancing slows, and tends to leave holders more vulnerable to losses.
But by protecting against those potential losses (selling Treasuries or entering into swaps contracts are two ways), traders can end up making the bond market more turbulent. That's already starting to happen.
On March 9, analysts say hedging activity was triggered when 10-year yields hit 2.55% and then 2.6%, which in turn, pushed yields to a three-month high of 2.628% on March 14. They slipped to 2.50% at 8:30 a.m. New York time on March 20.
Tighter monetary policy may accelerate hedging. The Fed
New Urgency
"This is a story that will play out over the course of a couple years," said Jason Callan, head of structured products at Columbia Threadneedle Investments, which oversees about $500 billion. "This won't be a big bang type effect, yet there is certainly reticence in the marketplace as to when the Fed’s reinvestment announcement will happen and what it will look like."
Minneapolis Fed President Neel Kashkari, the only official to vote against this month's rate hike, added new urgency to the discussion when he said last week that he would prefer the central bank announce a plan that explains how and when it will begin to reduce its balance sheet before boosting rates again.
It's not just hedging in the MBS market that could hit Treasuries. Insurers, which have been buying protection against lower yields for years, may now do the opposite, especially if the upswing in growth and inflation continues and share prices keep rising, said Dominic Konstam, Deutsche Bank AG's global head of rates research.
"That switch can flip if there’s a real breakout of the secular-stagnation story," he said.
Big Win
More volatility could make it harder for investors, but any pick-up in trading would be a big win for Wall Street.
Big banks, facing a profit squeeze in recent years, curtailed trading in mortgage-backed securities, and in some cases, completely exited the business. Trading desks may also see a boost as investors unwind positions they were forced into when the Fed bought up the all MBS, according to Mark Tecotzky, co-chief investment officer of Ellington Residential.
"It will result in better profitability for banks," said Brad Scott, head of trading at RBC Capital Markets in New York. Wall Street "will have more opportunities based on higher volatility, and there will be more participants that are likely to enter the market."
